EU Sovereignty Score
EU sovereignFintech & NeobanksHeadquarters: NL

ING: sovereignty score and 8 European alternatives

ING is the Dutch banking group ING Groep N.V., which provides retail and business banking in several European countries, including the Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, France and Poland. Its German retail arm, ING-DiBa, is a separately incorporated subsidiary serving private customers through online and mobile banking. The group's shares are listed on Euronext Amsterdam and the New York Stock Exchange, and it also operates in markets outside the EU.

ING Groep N.V. has its headquarters in Amsterdam and is incorporated in the Netherlands. It has no majority shareholder; institutional investors hold the shares, and a protective foundation holds an option on preference shares as an anti-takeover safeguard. The group's website does not state where customer data is hosted, so a European organisation should check ING's data-processing terms for its market. As a large bank, ING offers no self-hosted or open-source option, and its non-EU operations, such as in Turkey and Australia, matter when mapping data flows.

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Sovereignty score
71 / 1000 = high exposure
100 = sovereign
  • Jurisdiction SOV-2100
    Headquartered in the EU: European law applies
  • Data residency SOV-3100
    EU-only hosting
  • Cryptographic key sovereignty SOV-360
    Key management with a European vendor
  • Freedom from lock-in SOV-640
    Closed source: switching requires data migration
  • Source & runtime sovereignty SOV-4 · SOV-655
    Closed source, runtime with the vendor

SOV codes: the matching objective in the European Commission's Cloud Sovereignty Framework. Official source

How the score is calculated

Facts and evidence

Last checked October 10, 2026
Headquarters
NL (EU)Verified by hand
Sovereignty model
Vendor-hosted (EU)Verified by hand
Data hosting
EUVerified by hand
Open-source
NoVerified by hand
GDPR-compliant
NoVendor-stated
Category
Fintech & Neobanks
Type
Product
Website
ing.com ↗

How we verify · Something wrong? Suggest a correction

Top EU-based & GDPR-compliant alternatives to ING

The European alternatives to ING come from our knowledge base of over 6,800 vendors. We only list vendors headquartered in the EU or the EEA; fully European-owned vendors rank before vendors with a foreign owner. For each alternative you see the country, the open-source status and a short description.

Score per alternative: 0 = high exposure, 100 = sovereign

116 European Fintech & Neobanks vendors are in the catalogue. View the whole category · Submit an alternative · View category on the map

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Why digital sovereignty matters with ING

ING is headquartered in NL and therefore falls under European law: the GDPR, NIS2 and the Data Act. No foreign legislation can compel access to your data.

Data is hosted exclusively in the EU, so ING scores best on data residency.

ING is closed source and hosted by the vendor. The encryption keys and the runtime sit with the vendor and switching requires data migration. Ask about bring-your-own-key, export options and open standards.

What this means for your organisation depends on your whole stack and context. The free assessment weighs ING together with your other vendors and gives a total score, a heatmap and the main risk drivers.

Frequently asked questions

What is the best European alternative to ING?

It depends on your use case. Strong EU alternatives to ING include 1822direkt, ActivoBank and Air Bank. On this page you can compare 8 EU alternatives by jurisdiction, data residency and open-source status.

Are there open-source alternatives to ING?

Our list of EU alternatives to ING is mostly commercial options. Browse the category on the map for open-source choices.

Is ING GDPR-compliant and where is the data hosted?

ING is headquartered in NL (EU) and hosts data in EU. That makes ING an EU-sovereign choice in its own right; the EU alternatives on this page are comparable European tools.

Details and sources

Verified by handHeadquarters, owner, hosting locations and licence have been checked by us against public sources. Free of charge and for every vendor, not a paid label. Nothing in this knowledge base is taken over automatically. Last checked on October 10, 2026.

Sources

Public sources used in the latest check of this record.

Compliance evidence

The links below point to the vendor's own public documents. We only record what we found: a missing link means "not found publicly", not "not compliant".

No public compliance evidence has been recorded for this vendor yet. Do you know its DPA or subprocessor list? Something wrong? Suggest a correction

Digital sovereignty in Fintech & Neobanks

Fintech & Neobanks: Digital banks, neobanks, money transfers and fintech services. In this category the choice of vendor determines who has legal access to your data, where that data lives and how easily you can switch later.

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8 European alternatives to ING — GDPR-compliant & EU-hosted · EU Sovereignty Score