EU Sovereignty Score
EU sovereignFintech & NeobanksHeadquarters: EE

Tuum: sovereignty score and 8 European alternatives

Tuum offers a cloud-native core banking platform for banks and fintechs. Its API-first platform can be adopted gradually to replace legacy systems, according to the company. The company was founded in 2019 under the name Modularbank, which was later changed to Tuum.

Tuum is headquartered at Maakri 30 in Tallinn, Estonia, and Preqin records the legal entity as Modular Technologies OÜ. Investors include Citi Ventures, BlackFin Capital Partners, LHV Group and Speedinvest, according to its company profile. No majority owner was identified in the sources consulted, so no foreign parent company is named. The sources consulted do not state where customer data is hosted. As an Estonian company, Tuum falls under EU data-protection law, but European customers should confirm the hosting region and the list of sub-processors before use.

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Sovereignty score
71 / 1000 = high exposure
100 = sovereign
  • Jurisdiction SOV-2100
    Headquartered in the EU: European law applies
  • Data residency SOV-3100
    EU-only hosting
  • Cryptographic key sovereignty SOV-360
    Key management with a European vendor
  • Freedom from lock-in SOV-640
    Closed source: switching requires data migration
  • Source & runtime sovereignty SOV-4 · SOV-655
    Closed source, runtime with the vendor

SOV codes: the matching objective in the European Commission's Cloud Sovereignty Framework. Official source

How the score is calculated

Facts and evidence

Last checked October 11, 2026
HeadquartersEE (EU)Verified by hand
Sovereignty modelVendor-hosted (EU)Verified by hand
Data hostingEUVerified by hand
Open-sourceNoVerified by hand
GDPR-compliantNoVendor-stated
CategoryFintech & Neobanks
TypeProduct
Websitetuum.com ↗

How we verify · Something wrong? Suggest a correction

Top EU-based & GDPR-compliant alternatives to Tuum

The European alternatives to Tuum come from our knowledge base of over 6,200 vendors. We only list vendors headquartered in the EU or the EEA; fully European-owned vendors rank before vendors with a foreign owner. For each alternative you see the country, the open-source status and a short description.

Score per alternative: 0 = high exposure, 100 = sovereign

116 European Fintech & Neobanks vendors are in the catalogue. View the whole category · Submit an alternative · View category on the map

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Why digital sovereignty matters with Tuum

Tuum is headquartered in EE and therefore falls under European law: the GDPR, NIS2 and the Data Act. No foreign legislation can compel access to your data.

Data is hosted exclusively in the EU, so Tuum scores best on data residency.

Tuum is closed source and hosted by the vendor. The encryption keys and the runtime sit with the vendor and switching requires data migration. Ask about bring-your-own-key, export options and open standards.

What this means for your organisation depends on your whole stack and context. The free assessment weighs Tuum together with your other vendors and gives a total score, a heatmap and the main risk drivers.

Frequently asked questions

What is the best European alternative to Tuum?

It depends on your use case. Strong EU alternatives to Tuum include 1822direkt, ActivoBank and Air Bank. On this page you can compare 8 EU alternatives by jurisdiction, data residency and open-source status.

Are there open-source alternatives to Tuum?

Our list of EU alternatives to Tuum is mostly commercial options. Browse the category on the map for open-source choices.

Is Tuum GDPR-compliant and where is the data hosted?

Tuum is headquartered in EE (EU) and hosts data in EU. That makes Tuum an EU-sovereign choice in its own right; the EU alternatives on this page are comparable European tools.

Details and sources

Verified by handHeadquarters, owner, hosting locations and licence have been checked by us against public sources. Free of charge and for every vendor, not a paid label. Nothing in this knowledge base is taken over automatically. Last checked on October 11, 2026.

Sources

Public sources used in the latest check of this record.

Compliance evidence

The links below point to the vendor's own public documents. We only record what we found: a missing link means "not found publicly", not "not compliant".

No public compliance evidence has been recorded for this vendor yet. Do you know its DPA or subprocessor list? Something wrong? Suggest a correction

Digital sovereignty in Fintech & Neobanks

Fintech & Neobanks: Digital banks, neobanks, money transfers and fintech services. In this category the choice of vendor determines who has legal access to your data, where that data lives and how easily you can switch later.

Also in this category

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8 European alternatives to Tuum — GDPR-compliant & EU-hosted · EU Sovereignty Score