Non-EU vendorPassword ManagerHeadquarters: CA

1Password: sovereignty score and 8 European alternatives

1Password is a password and secrets management platform for individuals, enterprises, developers and managed service providers. Its offering includes an enterprise password manager, a Credential Broker for AI agents and machine workloads, Privileged Access, SaaS Manager and Device Trust. Features include autofill, password sharing, passkeys, two-factor authentication, Watchtower security insights and secrets management. 1Password is delivered as native apps for macOS, Windows, iOS, Android and Linux, as a browser extension, as a command-line tool and as web-based SaaS.

The company is based in Toronto, Canada, and is not controlled by a single majority owner: according to Wikipedia, outside investors such as Accel and Iconiq Growth are involved. The software is proprietary and not open source. Accounts can be created in three regions, each storing data in a different place: the United States (1Password.com), Canada (1Password.ca) and the European Union (1Password.eu). A European organisation can therefore choose EU storage, while the company itself is headquartered outside the EU.

See the 8 European alternatives ↓Assess your stack with 1Password pre-selected

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Sovereignty score

42 / 1000 = high exposure
100 = sovereign

Jurisdiction SOV-250
Headquartered outside the EU (CA)
Data residency SOV-350
Hosting inside and outside Europe (US, EU, OTHER)
Cryptographic key sovereignty SOV-340
Key management with a non-European vendor
Freedom from lock-in SOV-640
Closed source: switching requires data migration
Source & runtime sovereignty SOV-4 · SOV-630
Closed source, runtime with the vendor

SOV codes: the matching objective in the European Commission's Cloud Sovereignty Framework. Official source

How the score is calculated

Facts and evidence

Last checked October 8, 2026

Headquarters	CA (OTHER)Verified by hand
EU adequacy decision	Yes — found adequate by the European CommissionVerified by hand
Sovereignty model	Vendor-hosted (non-EU)Verified by hand
Data hosting	US, EU, OTHERVerified by hand
Open-source	NoVerified by hand
GDPR-compliant	YesVendor-stated
Hosting signal	CLOUDFLARENET - Cloudflare, Inc., US (US)Technically measured
Category	Password Manager
Type	Product
Website	1password.com ↗

The hosting signal shows the network that serves the vendor's website, often a CDN, and not necessarily where the service or your data is hosted. How we verify · Something wrong? Suggest a correction

Top EU-based & GDPR-compliant alternatives to 1Password

The European alternatives to 1Password come from our knowledge base of over 6,800 vendors. We only list vendors headquartered in the EU or the EEA; fully European-owned vendors rank before vendors with a foreign owner. For each alternative you see the country, the open-source status and a short description.

Score per alternative: 0 = high exposure, 100 = sovereign

25 European Password Manager vendors are in the catalogue. View the whole category · Submit an alternative · View category on the map

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Why digital sovereignty matters with 1Password

1Password is headquartered in CA, outside the EU. Contracts and data therefore also fall under non-European law. The GDPR applies through contractual terms, but in a conflict with local legislation you have less certainty than with a European vendor.

1Password hosts data in US, EU, OTHER. Exactly what stays within the EU — and what does not — is defined by the vendor's data processing agreement and sub-processor list, not by a setting you control yourself; check those documents for the precise scope, including backups, logs and support access.

1Password is closed source and hosted by the vendor. The encryption keys and the runtime sit with the vendor and switching requires data migration. Ask about bring-your-own-key, export options and open standards.

What this means for your organisation depends on your whole stack and context. The free assessment weighs 1Password together with your other vendors and gives a total score, a heatmap and the main risk drivers.

Frequently asked questions

What is the best European alternative to 1Password?

It depends on your use case. Strong EU alternatives to 1Password include Proton Pass, KeePassXC and Vaultwarden (self-host). On this page you can compare 8 EU alternatives by jurisdiction, data residency and open-source status.

Are there open-source alternatives to 1Password?

Yes. Open-source EU alternatives to 1Password include Proton Pass, KeePassXC, Vaultwarden (self-host), Passbolt, KeePass, Psono and AuthPass. These keep your data fully under your own control and let you self-host if you want to.

Is 1Password GDPR-compliant and where is the data hosted?

1Password is headquartered in CA (OTHER) and hosts data in US, EU, OTHER. The vendor states it is GDPR-compliant, but the data falls under non-EU jurisdiction. For full EU data residency the EU alternatives on this page usually offer more certainty.

Details and sources

Verified by handHeadquarters, owner, hosting locations and licence have been checked by us against public sources. Free of charge and for every vendor, not a paid label. Nothing in this knowledge base is taken over automatically. Last checked on October 8, 2026.

Sources

Public sources used in the latest check of this record.

Compliance evidence

The links below point to the vendor's own public documents. We only record what we found: a missing link means "not found publicly", not "not compliant".

No public compliance evidence has been recorded for this vendor yet. Do you know its DPA or subprocessor list? Something wrong? Suggest a correction

Cyber Resilience Act

Public signals that relate to the EU Cyber Resilience Act. They do not count towards the score. A missing line means "not found publicly".

security.txt: 1password.com/.well-known/security.txt

For products in scope of the CRA, CE marking is required from 11 December 2027; this cannot be checked yet.

Checked on October 9, 2026. What is the Cyber Resilience Act?

Digital sovereignty in Password Manager

Password Manager: Password vault — generate, store and autofill passwords. In this category the choice of vendor determines who has legal access to your data, where that data lives and how easily you can switch later.

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