EU Sovereignty Score
Non-EU vendorPassword ManagerHeadquarters: US

Apple Passwords: sovereignty score and 8 European alternatives

Passwords is Apple's built-in password manager. The app stores passwords, passkeys and verification codes, fills in credentials automatically and can share passwords. It is available from iOS 18, iPadOS 18, macOS Sequoia and visionOS 2; Windows users can reach their iCloud passwords through iCloud for Windows and a browser extension. Data is synchronised between devices through iCloud, provided Passwords is turned on in the iCloud settings.

Apple Inc. is headquartered in Cupertino, California, in the US. For users in the EEA, the United Kingdom and Switzerland, Apple Distribution International Limited in Ireland is the data controller. According to Apple, personal data is generally stored by Apple Inc. in the United States and transfers from the EEA rely on standard contractual clauses; Apple does not state where iCloud data is physically located. Passwords and Keychain are end-to-end encrypted, with the keys held on trusted devices. Apple says it does not have those keys and therefore cannot recover them. For European organisations, the dependency on an Apple Account and iCloud remains, even with strong encryption.

Sovereignty score
17 / 1000 = high exposure
100 = sovereign
  • Jurisdiction SOV-210
    Headquartered in the US: CLOUD Act and FISA 702
  • Data residency SOV-30
    No hosting in Europe (US)
  • Cryptographic key sovereignty SOV-320
    Key management with a non-European vendor
  • Freedom from lock-in SOV-640
    Closed source: switching requires data migration
  • Source & runtime sovereignty SOV-4 · SOV-615
    Closed source, runtime with the vendor

SOV codes: the matching objective in the European Commission's Cloud Sovereignty Framework. Official source

How the score is calculated

Facts and evidence

Last checked October 11, 2026
Headquarters
US (US)Verified by hand
EU adequacy decision
Only for companies individually certified under the EU-US Data Privacy FrameworkVerified by hand
Sovereignty model
Vendor-hosted (non-EU)Verified by hand
Data hosting
USVerified by hand
Open-source
NoVerified by hand
GDPR-compliant
NoVendor-stated
Category
Type
Product
Website

How we verify · Something wrong? Suggest a correction

Top EU-based & GDPR-compliant alternatives to Apple Passwords

The European alternatives to Apple Passwords come from our knowledge base of over 6,800 vendors. We only list vendors headquartered in the EU or the EEA; fully European-owned vendors rank before vendors with a foreign owner. For each alternative you see the country, the open-source status and a short description.

Score per alternative: 0 = high exposure, 100 = sovereign

25 European Password Manager vendors are in the catalogue. View the whole category · Submit an alternative · View category on the map

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Why digital sovereignty matters with Apple Passwords

Apple Passwords is headquartered in the United States. US vendors fall under the CLOUD Act and FISA 702: US authorities can compel access to data, even when that data sits in a European data centre. That is the core of the jurisdictional exposure in our model.

Apple Passwords hosts data outside the EU (US). Personal data therefore leaves the EU, which requires a transfer mechanism under the GDPR and pulls the data residency score down.

Apple Passwords is closed source and hosted by the vendor. The encryption keys and the runtime sit with the vendor and switching requires data migration. Ask about bring-your-own-key, export options and open standards.

What this means for your organisation depends on your whole stack and context. The free assessment weighs Apple Passwords together with your other vendors and gives a total score, a heatmap and the main risk drivers.

Frequently asked questions

What is the best European alternative to Apple Passwords?

It depends on your use case. Strong EU alternatives to Apple Passwords include AuthPass, Avira Password Manager and Dashlane. On this page you can compare 8 EU alternatives by jurisdiction, data residency and open-source status.

Are there open-source alternatives to Apple Passwords?

Yes. Open-source EU alternatives to Apple Passwords include AuthPass, gopass, KeePass and KeePassXC. These keep your data fully under your own control and let you self-host if you want to.

Is Apple Passwords GDPR-compliant and where is the data hosted?

Apple Passwords is headquartered in US and hosts data in US. Its GDPR compliance is limited or unclear. For full EU data residency the EU alternatives on this page usually offer more certainty.

Details and sources

Verified by handHeadquarters, owner, hosting locations and licence have been checked by us against public sources. Free of charge and for every vendor, not a paid label. Nothing in this knowledge base is taken over automatically. Last checked on October 11, 2026.

Sources

Public sources used in the latest check of this record.

Compliance evidence

The links below point to the vendor's own public documents. We only record what we found: a missing link means "not found publicly", not "not compliant".

No public compliance evidence has been recorded for this vendor yet. Do you know its DPA or subprocessor list? Something wrong? Suggest a correction

Cyber Resilience Act

Public signals that relate to the EU Cyber Resilience Act. They do not count towards the score. A missing line means "not found publicly".

We found none of these signals on the vendor's own site when we checked.

For products in scope of the CRA, CE marking is required from 11 December 2027; this cannot be checked yet.

Checked on October 11, 2026. What is the Cyber Resilience Act?

Digital sovereignty in Password Manager

Password Manager: Password vault — generate, store and autofill passwords. In this category the choice of vendor determines who has legal access to your data, where that data lives and how easily you can switch later.

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8 European alternatives to Apple Passwords — GDPR-compliant & EU-hosted · EU Sovereignty Score